- Warning: Undefined variable $index in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 94 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19) - Warning: Undefined array key "media" in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 111 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19) - Deprecated function: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 125 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19) - Warning: Undefined variable $index in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 146 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
Outlooks & Forecasts
1–7 Day
The National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center has forecasted a winter storm (valid January 25–26) that will track through the eastern Great Lakes overnight. Bands of heavy snow are expected over northern New York and New England. A second area of low pressure will develop over southern New England and move into the Gulf of Maine by early Thursday where over 10 inches of snow is forecasted for interior locations. Moving into next week (valid January 28–February 1), the forecast calls for persistently cold temperatures from the northern/central Rockies into the Upper Midwest, while the West will trend colder. the Southeast on the warmer side of normal, especially after the weekend.
8–14 Day
The Climate Prediction Center’s 8–14 day outlook (valid February 2–8) calls for below-normal temperatures over most of the country except for the Southeast and Alaska. Parts of the Northeast, southern Southwest, and central Alaska can expect near-normal temperatures, while parts of the Southeast and western Alaska have the greatest probability of warmer-than-normal temperatures. Most of the U.S. can expect near- to slightly above-normal precipitation with the probability of near-normal precipitation occurring from the northern Plains to the Northeast and from southern California to the southern Plains, including western and southeast Alaska. Southern parts of the Southwest and Alaska have increased odds for below-normal precipitation.
This weekly look ahead is modified from the U.S. Drought Monitor's National Drought Summary for January 24, 2023, written by Rocky Bilotta (NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information) and Richard Tinker (NOAA's Climate Prediction Center).
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.01 | #ffffff |
| 0.01 - 0.1 | #7fff00 |
| 0.1 - 0.25 | #00cd00 |
| 0.25 - 0.5 | #008b00 |
| 0.5 - 0.75 | #104e8b |
| 0.75 - 1 | #1e90ff |
| 1 - 1.25 | #00b2ee |
| 1.25 - 1.5 | #00eeee |
| 1.5 - 1.75 | #8968cd |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 1.75 - 2 | #912cee |
| 2 - 2.5 | #8b008b |
| 2.5 - 3 | #8b0000 |
| 3 - 4 | #cd0000 |
| 4 - 5 | #ee4000 |
| 5 - 7 | #ff7f00 |
| 7 - 10 | #cd8500 |
| 10 - 15 | #ffd700 |
| 15 - 20 | #ffff00 |
| 20 - | #ffaeb9 |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.01 | #ffffff |
| 0.01 - 0.1 | #7fff00 |
| 0.1 - 0.25 | #00cd00 |
| 0.25 - 0.5 | #008b00 |
| 0.5 - 0.75 | #104e8b |
| 0.75 - 1 | #1e90ff |
| 1 - 1.25 | #00b2ee |
| 1.25 - 1.5 | #00eeee |
| 1.5 - 1.75 | #8968cd |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 1.75 - 2 | #912cee |
| 2 - 2.5 | #8b008b |
| 2.5 - 3 | #8b0000 |
| 3 - 4 | #cd0000 |
| 4 - 5 | #ee4000 |
| 5 - 7 | #ff7f00 |
| 7 - 10 | #cd8500 |
| 10 - 15 | #ffd700 |
| 15 - 20 | #ffff00 |
| 20 - | #ffaeb9 |
Produced by the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center, this Quantitative Precipitation Forecast shows the amount of liquid precipitation expected to fall over the next 24 hours. (In the case of snow or ice, the forecast represents the amount of liquid that will be measured when the precipitation is melted.) Precipitation amounts can vary significantly over short distances, especially when thunderstorms occur, so the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast is defined as the expected "areal average" (on a 20 x 20 km grid) in inches. Learn more.
Produced by the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center, this Quantitative Precipitation Forecast shows the amount of liquid precipitation expected to fall over the next 7 days. (In the case of snow or ice, the forecast represents the amount of liquid that will be measured when the precipitation is melted.) Precipitation amounts can vary significantly over short distances, especially when thunderstorms occur, so the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast is defined as the expected "areal average" (on a 20 x 20 km grid) in inches. Learn more.
6–10 Day Temperature & Precipitation Outlooks
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 33% - 40% | #f0d493 |
| 40% - 50% | #d8a750 |
| 50% - 60% | #bb6d33 |
| 60% - 70% | #9b5031 |
| 70% - 80% | #934639 |
| 80% - 90% | #804000 |
| 90% - 100% | #4f2f2f |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 33% - 40% | #b3d9ab |
| 40% - 50% | #94cd7e |
| 50% - 60% | #48ae38 |
| 60% - 70% | #3a7b5f |
| 70% - 80% | #008e40 |
| 80% - 90% | #28553d |
| 90% - 100% | #285517 |
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| Near-Normal Conditions | #a2a2a2 |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 33% - 40% | #a0c0df |
| 40% - 50% | #77b5e2 |
| 50% - 60% | #389fdb |
| 60% - 70% | #005ca1 |
| 70% - 80% | #2f406f |
| 80% - 90% | #221852 |
| 90% - 100% | #1c1342 |
| Range | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| 33% - 40% | #e7b168 |
| 40% - 50% | #e38b4a |
| 50% - 60% | #dc562f |
| 60% - 70% | #c72e28 |
| 70% - 80% | #cc3047 |
| 80% - 90% | #8a2f38 |
| 90% - 100% | #622228 |
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| Near-Normal Conditions | #a2a2a2 |
The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces precipitation outlooks for the U.S., including 6–10 day, 8–14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks. This outlook depicts whether there is a greater probability (percent chance) for above-normal, below-normal, or near-normal conditions during the next 6 to 10 days. Learn more.
The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces temperature outlooks for the U.S., including 6–10 day, 8–14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks. This outlook depicts whether there is a greater probability (percent chance) for above-normal, below-normal, or near-normal conditions during the next 6 to 10 days. Learn more.
U.S. Drought Outlooks
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| Drought persists | #9b634a |
| Drought remains but improves | #ded2bc |
| Drought removal likely | #b2ad69 |
| Drought development likely | #ffde63 |
| No drought present | #ffffff |
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center's Monthly Drought Outlook is issued at the end of each calendar month and is valid for the upcoming month. The Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same, or get better over the next 30 days or so. Learn more.
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center's Seasonal Drought Outlook is issued monthly on the third Thursday of each month. The Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same, or get better in the next three months. Learn more.
Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) Forecast
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| D4 | #730000 |
| D3 | #E60000 |
| D2 | #FFAA00 |
| D1 | #FCD37F |
| D0 | #FFFF00 |
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| Near Normal | #ffffff |
| W0 | #AAFF55 |
| W1 | #01FFFF |
| W2 | #00AAFF |
| W3 | #0000FF |
| W4 | #0000AA |
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| D4 | #730000 |
| D3 | #E60000 |
| D2 | #FFAA00 |
| D1 | #FCD37F |
| D0 | #FFFF00 |
| Value | Map Hex Color |
|---|---|
| Near Normal | #ffffff |
| W0 | #AAFF55 |
| W1 | #01FFFF |
| W2 | #00AAFF |
| W3 | #0000FF |
| W4 | #0000AA |
The Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) is an experimental drought monitoring and early warning guidance tool. It examines how anomalous the atmospheric evaporative demand (E0; also known as "the thirst of the atmosphere") is for a given location and across a time period of interest. This experimental subseasonal EDDI forecast shows projected evaporative demand for the next 14 days from the CFS-gridMET dataset at 4-km gridded resolution. Learn more.
The Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) is an experimental drought monitoring and early warning guidance tool. It examines how anomalous the atmospheric evaporative demand (E0; also known as "the thirst of the atmosphere") is for a given location and across a time period of interest. This experimental subseasonal EDDI forecast shows projected evaporative demand for the next 28 days from the CFS-gridMET dataset at 4-km gridded resolution. Learn more.
The U.S. Monthly Drought Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same or get better over the next 30 days or so.
The Climate Explorer offers graphs and maps of observed and projected temperature, precipitation, and related climate variables for every county in the contiguous United States, helping people asse
Worldwide predictions for temperature and precipitation from the International Research Institute (IRI) for Climate and Society at Columbia University.
NCEI provides precipitation data that can be used to show probability or the amount of precipitation to ameliorate or end a drought at different monthly scales.
The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces temperature and precipitation outlooks for the U.S., including 6-10 day, 8-14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks.
The National Weather Service (NWS) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces monthly and seasonal drought outlooks based on Soil Moisture (CAS).
Challenges with Predicting Drought
Pressure Systems
High pressure systems, which hinder cloud formation and lead to low relative humidity and precipitation, can cause drought. When large-scale anomalies in atmospheric circulation patterns last for months or seasons, prolonged drought occurs (NDMC).
Temperate Zone Forecast Reliability
In temperate regions (above 30 north latitude), long-range forecasts have limited reliability. Due to differences in observed conditions and statistical models, reliable forecasts for temperate regions may not be attainable for a season or more in advance (NDMC).
Interconnected Variables
Anomalies in precipitation and temperature may last from several months to several decades, and how long they last can depend on air–sea interactions, soil moisture, land surface processes, topography, and weather systems at the global scale (NDMC).
ENSO and Global Weather Patterns
Teleconnections, such as ENSO and La Niña events, are atmospheric interactions between widely separated regions. Understanding these teleconnections can help in forecasting droughts, floods, tropical storms, and hurricanes (NDMC).