- Warning: Undefined variable $index in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 94 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 718) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Warning: Undefined array key "media" in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 111 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 718) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 125 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 718) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Warning: Undefined variable $index in Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements() (line 146 of modules/custom/responsive_bg_image_formatter/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/ResponsiveBgImageFormatter.php).
Drupal\responsive_bg_image_formatter\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\ResponsiveBgImageFormatter->viewElements(Object, 'en') (Line: 89) Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase->view(Object, 'en') (Line: 76) Drupal\Core\Field\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter\EntityReferenceFormatterBase->view(Object, NULL) (Line: 265) Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 340) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 24) Drupal\node\NodeViewBuilder->buildComponents(Array, Array, Array, 'full') (Line: 282) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->buildMultiple(Array) (Line: 239) Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityViewBuilder->build(Array) call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580) Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 243) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132) Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90) Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object) call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142) Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81) Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82) Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51) Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23) Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 718) Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
Outlooks & Forecasts
1–5 Day
Through the afternoon of Monday, March 27, the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center is forecasting mainly dry weather in the northern Great Plains, Minnesota, and northwest Wisconsin—as well as southern Nevada, southeast California, Utah, and New Mexico (except for some higher-elevation areas). Mostly dry weather is also forecast in most of the Florida Peninsula, where short-term moderate and severe drought has intensified recently. Heavier precipitation amounts are forecast for parts of western Oregon and Washington and far northwest California. Heavy rainfall, locally up to or exceeding 3 inches, is forecast along and south of the I-44 and I-70 corridors from far northeast Oklahoma into Ohio. Widespread rain amounts of at least 1.5 inches are likely in the northern halves of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and in the southwest half of Tennessee. Widespread precipitation amounts of 0.5–0.75 inches are likely in much of the Northeast, with localized higher amounts.
6–10 Day
For March 28–April 1, the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center’s outlook strongly favors above-normal precipitation in most of the West, especially central and southern California. Above-normal precipitation is also favored in Tennessee and portions of the surrounding states, most of the Great Plains (except for the area stretching from southeast New Mexico to western Kansas), the Upper Midwest, most of the Northeast, and most of Alaska. Below-normal precipitation is favored in the southern half of the Florida Panhandle, as well as far southeast Alaska. The temperature outlook strongly favors colder-than-normal weather across most of the West, especially California and Nevada, with most of the northern contiguous U.S. also leaning toward colder-than-normal temperatures. The entire Gulf Coast region is more likely to have warmer-than-normal temperatures. Warmer-than-normal temperatures are favored in northeast Alaska, while colder-than-normal weather is more likely in southeast Alaska.
This weekly look ahead is modified from the U.S. Drought Monitor's National Drought Summary for March 21, 2023, written by Curtis Riganti (National Drought Mitigation Center) and Ahira Sanchez-Lugo (NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information).
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
0 - 0.01 | #ffffff |
0.01 - 0.1 | #7fff00 |
0.1 - 0.25 | #00cd00 |
0.25 - 0.5 | #008b00 |
0.5 - 0.75 | #104e8b |
0.75 - 1 | #1e90ff |
1 - 1.25 | #00b2ee |
1.25 - 1.5 | #00eeee |
1.5 - 1.75 | #8968cd |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
1.75 - 2 | #912cee |
2 - 2.5 | #8b008b |
2.5 - 3 | #8b0000 |
3 - 4 | #cd0000 |
4 - 5 | #ee4000 |
5 - 7 | #ff7f00 |
7 - 10 | #cd8500 |
10 - 15 | #ffd700 |
15 - 20 | #ffff00 |
20 - | #ffaeb9 |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
0 - 0.01 | #ffffff |
0.01 - 0.1 | #7fff00 |
0.1 - 0.25 | #00cd00 |
0.25 - 0.5 | #008b00 |
0.5 - 0.75 | #104e8b |
0.75 - 1 | #1e90ff |
1 - 1.25 | #00b2ee |
1.25 - 1.5 | #00eeee |
1.5 - 1.75 | #8968cd |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
1.75 - 2 | #912cee |
2 - 2.5 | #8b008b |
2.5 - 3 | #8b0000 |
3 - 4 | #cd0000 |
4 - 5 | #ee4000 |
5 - 7 | #ff7f00 |
7 - 10 | #cd8500 |
10 - 15 | #ffd700 |
15 - 20 | #ffff00 |
20 - | #ffaeb9 |
Produced by the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center, this Quantitative Precipitation Forecast shows the amount of liquid precipitation expected to fall over the next 24 hours. (In the case of snow or ice, the forecast represents the amount of liquid that will be measured when the precipitation is melted.) Precipitation amounts can vary significantly over short distances, especially when thunderstorms occur, so the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast is defined as the expected "areal average" (on a 20 x 20 km grid) in inches. Learn more.
Produced by the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center, this Quantitative Precipitation Forecast shows the amount of liquid precipitation expected to fall over the next 7 days. (In the case of snow or ice, the forecast represents the amount of liquid that will be measured when the precipitation is melted.) Precipitation amounts can vary significantly over short distances, especially when thunderstorms occur, so the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast is defined as the expected "areal average" (on a 20 x 20 km grid) in inches. Learn more.
6–10 Day Temperature & Precipitation Outlooks
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
100% - 90% | #4f2f2f |
90% - 80% | #804000 |
80% - 70% | #934639 |
70% - 60% | #9b5031 |
60% - 50% | #bb6d33 |
50% - 40% | #d8a750 |
40% - 33% | #f0d493 |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
33% - 40% | #b3d9ab |
40% - 50% | #94cd7e |
50% - 60% | #48ae38 |
60% - 70% | #3a7b5f |
70% - 80% | #008e40 |
80% - 90% | #28553d |
90% - 100% | #285517 |
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
Near-Normal Conditions | #a2a2a2 |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
100% - 90% | #1c1342 |
90% - 80% | #221852 |
80% - 70% | #2f406f |
70% - 60% | #005ca1 |
60% - 50% | #389fdb |
50% - 40% | #77b5e2 |
40% - 33% | #a0c0df |
Range | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
33% - 40% | #e7b168 |
40% - 50% | #e38b4a |
50% - 60% | #dc562f |
60% - 70% | #c72e28 |
70% - 80% | #cc3047 |
80% - 90% | #8a2f38 |
90% - 100% | #622228 |
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
Near-Normal Conditions | #a2a2a2 |
The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces precipitation outlooks for the U.S., including 6–10 day, 8–14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks. This outlook depicts whether there is a greater probability (percent chance) for above-normal, below-normal, or near-normal conditions during the next 6 to 10 days. Learn more.
The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces temperature outlooks for the U.S., including 6–10 day, 8–14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks. This outlook depicts whether there is a greater probability (percent chance) for above-normal, below-normal, or near-normal conditions during the next 6 to 10 days. Learn more.
U.S. Drought Outlooks
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
Drought persists | #9b634a |
Drought remains but improves | #ded2bc |
Drought removal likely | #b2ad69 |
Drought development likely | #ffde63 |
No drought present | #ffffff |
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center's Monthly Drought Outlook is issued at the end of each calendar month and is valid for the upcoming month. The Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same, or get better over the next 30 days or so. Learn more.
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center's Seasonal Drought Outlook is issued monthly on the third Thursday of each month. The Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same, or get better in the next three months. Learn more.
Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) Forecast
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
D4 | #730000 |
D3 | #E60000 |
D2 | #FFAA00 |
D1 | #FCD37F |
D0 | #FFFF00 |
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
Near Normal | #ffffff |
W0 | #AAFF55 |
W1 | #01FFFF |
W2 | #00AAFF |
W3 | #0000FF |
W4 | #0000AA |
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
D4 | #730000 |
D3 | #E60000 |
D2 | #FFAA00 |
D1 | #FCD37F |
D0 | #FFFF00 |
Value | Map Hex Color |
---|---|
Near Normal | #ffffff |
W0 | #AAFF55 |
W1 | #01FFFF |
W2 | #00AAFF |
W3 | #0000FF |
W4 | #0000AA |
The Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) is an experimental drought monitoring and early warning guidance tool. It examines how anomalous the atmospheric evaporative demand (E0; also known as "the thirst of the atmosphere") is for a given location and across a time period of interest. This experimental subseasonal EDDI forecast shows projected evaporative demand for the next 14 days from the CFS-gridMET dataset at 4-km gridded resolution. Learn more.
The Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) is an experimental drought monitoring and early warning guidance tool. It examines how anomalous the atmospheric evaporative demand (E0; also known as "the thirst of the atmosphere") is for a given location and across a time period of interest. This experimental subseasonal EDDI forecast shows projected evaporative demand for the next 28 days from the CFS-gridMET dataset at 4-km gridded resolution. Learn more.
The U.S. Monthly Drought Outlook predicts whether drought will emerge, stay the same or get better over the next 30 days or so.
The Climate Explorer offers graphs and maps of observed and projected temperature, precipitation, and related climate variables for every county in the contiguous United States, helping people asse
Worldwide predictions for temperature and precipitation from the International Research Institute (IRI) for Climate and Society at Columbia University.
NCEI provides precipitation data that can be used to show probability or the amount of precipitation to ameliorate or end a drought at different monthly scales.
The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces temperature and precipitation outlooks for the U.S., including 6-10 day, 8-14 day, monthly, and seasonal outlooks.
The National Weather Service (NWS) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) produces monthly and seasonal drought outlooks based on Soil Moisture (CAS).

Challenges with Predicting Drought
Pressure Systems
High pressure systems, which hinder cloud formation and lead to low relative humidity and precipitation, can cause drought. When large-scale anomalies in atmospheric circulation patterns last for months or seasons, prolonged drought occurs (NDMC).
Temperate Zone Forecast Reliability
In temperate regions (above 30 north latitude), long-range forecasts have limited reliability. Due to differences in observed conditions and statistical models, reliable forecasts for temperate regions may not be attainable for a season or more in advance (NDMC).
Interconnected Variables
Anomalies in precipitation and temperature may last from several months to several decades, and how long they last can depend on air–sea interactions, soil moisture, land surface processes, topography, and weather systems at the global scale (NDMC).
ENSO and Global Weather Patterns
Teleconnections, such as ENSO and La Niña events, are atmospheric interactions between widely separated regions. Understanding these teleconnections can help in forecasting droughts, floods, tropical storms, and hurricanes (NDMC).